INTRODUCTION:

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Patharchatta or Pāṣāṇabheda) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional and ethnomedicinal systems, especially in Ayurveda, for managing kidney stones (urolithiasis) and urinary disorders. The plant's leaves contain bioactive compounds like flavonoids, triterpenoids, and bufadienolides, which contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and kidney-protective effects. Studies, including in-vitro and in-vivo models, have shown its ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystal formation and reduce oxidative stress in the kidneys. Despite encouraging preclinical evidence, clinical trials in humans are limited. Standardization, identification of active constituents, and toxicity evaluation are areas that require further study to support its use as an effective and natural therapy for urolithiasis.¹

MORPHOLOGY:

Macroscopic Character:

Its height varies between 1 and 1.5 meters, and its a hollow, quadrilateral stem is usually divided into branches. The leaves measure 10–20cm in length and are positioned. contrarily. The uncomplicated leaves can be located at the lowest part, yet the top three, characterized by long petioles and leaf out. The leaves are provided with rooting vegetative buds. Terminal Inflorescences range from 10 to 40cm in length. The majority of blossoms are bell-shaped drooping. Calyx tubular, 2-4 cm; reddish-purple corolla, 5 cm, ovate base lobes lance-shaped, lightly ciliate, and inserted at the base stamens within the corolla; the elongated nectar scales; the tube of the calyx and corolla. The fruit capsule contains multiple septa and four smooth, ribbed seeds contained within a shape that is elliptical.²

Fig no. 1: Bryophyllum pinnatum plant.

Pharmacological Activities:

1. Anti inflammatory:

The Bryophyllum pinnatum plant is capable of lowering fevers. and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, pain relief, and muscle soothing effects. Inflammation reduction effects have has been partly linked to the immune regulatory and effect of immunosuppression⁸ Foliage of Bryophyllum pinnatum is utilized for combating the inflammation and allergic response that triggered through insect stings in Brazil¹⁰. Researchers examined extracts derived from the foliage. of the kidney stone plant utilizing various solvents similar to petroleum ether, chloroform, and methanol, as along with particular substances such as flavonoids and alkaloids. At a dosage of 50 mg/kg, the methanol extract was especially effective in minimizin inflammation induced by formaldehyde. It was even greater more effective than the typical anti-inflammatory medication employed in the research, demonstrating the plant's robust capability to combat inflammation.³

2. Anti microbial:

The increasing resistance of bacteria to synthetic antibiotics underscores the critical necessity for novel and more secure antimicrobial compounds, especially from organic sources such as flora. Bryophyllum pinnatum, often referred to as the stone kidney plant has been customarily utilized to combat bacteria infections, such as typhoid fever. It works well. against different bacteria, like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhi. The plant is rich in bioactive substances. similar to bryophyllin A and C, displaying significant activity against silkworm larvae that is insecticidal. Moreover, two flavonoids, 5-methyl-4,5,7-trihydroxyflavones and 4,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-5-methyl-5-propenamine anthocyanidins, possess showed favorable antimicrobial properties in opposition to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. A methanolic extract of 60% The leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum have been demonstrated to successfully prevent bacterial proliferation at a concentration of 25 mg/ml. These anti-infective properties are thought to aid in wound curing by minimizing infections, managing inflammation, and encouraging tissue restoration and cellular growth⁴. In the southeastern region of Nigeria, Bryophyllum Pinnatum is utilized in traditional medicine for therapeutic purposes. scalds, sores, lesions, pustules, and to assist in the recovery of the placenta following delivery. It is additionally utilized in herbal. medication for asthma, coughs, bronchitis, and different skin issues like carbuncles, lesions and injuries. Additionally, a phenanthrene-based alkaloid extracted from the plant's ethanolic extract, referred to as 1-ethanamino-7-hexyne-5-one phenanthrene possesses demonstrated antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger.⁵

3. Antitumor Effects:

The ethanolic extract from Bryophyllum Pinnatum has been discovered to possess anticancer properties. attributes. Research indicates that bufadienolides, compounds present in the plant, are powerful agents which could assist in cancer prevention. Employing an MTT assay (with a test to evaluate cell proliferation), scientists discovered that methanol, water, and methanol-water extracts from the plant have gentle effects in reducing the proliferation of human fibrosarcoma cells (HT-1080), a form of highly aggressive cancer [6]. Moreover, the chloroform extract of The leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum have been demonstrated to aim to target HPV (human papillomavirus) and encourage cellular demise (apoptosis) in cervical carcinoma cells. This studies indicate that the extracts from the plant may result for the creation of novel cancer therapies, notably for the management of cervical cancer.⁷

4. Wound healing process:

The B. pinnatum extract was assessed.for its activity in promoting wound healing through excisionlesion model in rats. The examination of tissues at the microscopic leveldemonstrated that plant leaf extract revealed considerable capability for wound healing. The process of healing wounds displayed by the excerpt could be ascribed to the existence of steroid glycosides. Research indicates that extracts from leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum may aid in wound healing. quicker. Three kinds of extracts (petroleum ether, water and alcohol were examined on Albino rats at a dosage of 400mg/kg, administered orally for 10 days. These extracts were evaluated on various kinds of wounds, comprising lacerations (incision injuries), exposed wounds (excision injuries) and injuries containing necrotic tissue. All three extracts notably enhanced the durability of mended surgical cuts when relative to untreated injuries. For removal wounds, the aqueous extract was administered directly to the skin for 21 days until a scab (eschar) developed, demonstrating its efficacy in wound healing.⁸

5. Activity Against Diabetes:

The existence of zinc in Bryophyllum pinnatum indicates it could assist in controlling diabetes, a condition resulting from issues with insulin. Ojewole's research examined the plant's antinociceptive properties by employing various techniques. such as the hot-plate assay and acetic acid assay on rodents. The research additionally investigated its anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties in rats. Researchers conducted tests to evaluate this. induced inflammation through egg white and diabetes through a substance known as streptozotocin. The leaf extract of the plant, which is water-based considerably decreased pain, swelling, and blood glucose levels in these animal models. The greenery's effects that alleviate pain and reduce inflammation are thought to function by halting the creation or liberation of inflammatory agents, including prostaglandins, histamine, and various other compounds that result in discomfort and inflammation. These advantages are probable because of the flavonoids, polyphenols, triterpenoids, and phytosterols found in the plant.⁹

6. Neuroprotective Effects:

The water-based leaf extract of Bryophyllum Pinnatum (the stone kidney plant) has demonstrated to provide soothing and safeguarding benefits for the brain in rodents. When administered in ascending amounts, the extract results in a decrease in the activity of the mice, investigating their environment less. It also serves as a sedative, indicating it assists the mice in calming down and decreases their mobility considerably. Furthermore, it increases the duration of sleep when paired with a sedative medication known as pentobarbitone. Furthermore, theextract postpones the beginning of seizures triggered by substances such as strychnine andpicrotoxin, recognized for inducing convulsions. It also reduces the mortality rate in mice subjected to these compounds, featuring a lethal dose (LD50) of 641 milligrams for each kilogram of body mass. In total, these impacts indicate that Bryophyllum pinnatumfunctions as a depressant on the central nervous system, assisting in soothing and safeguarding it from hyperactivity.¹⁰

7. Effect of Immune Suppression:

The aqueous extract derived from water Leaves of Bryophyllum pinnatum have been discovered to diminish immune reactions in mice. Specifically, it reduces both cell-mediated immunity (direct response by cells) and antibody-mediated immunity (antibody synthesis).In mice that received the extract, the spleen cells exhibited a reduced capacity to proliferate in reaction to agents that provoke immune responses (mutagens and antigens). Moreover, when these mice were subjected to ovalbumin (a protein that usually triggers an immune reaction), their reply was slower, showing decreased sensitivity.¹¹

Fig no. 2: Therapeutic activity

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

1. Research Framework and Ethical Consent: This controlled, experimental in vivo research was carried out in the Pharmacology Department at Browns College of Pharmacy, after receiving authorization from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), formed according to the regulations of the Committee for the Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPC SEA), Government of India. All procedures adhered to CPC SEA standards for the ethical treatment of laboratory animals.

2. Animal: total 24 healthy male Possible spelling mistake found. albino rats, each weighing between 180–220 grams, were chosen for the study. It appears that the text is not complete. Please provide the full text that you would like me to paraphrase. Animals were kept in polypropylene cages under typical laboratory conditions with a 12hour light/dark cycle. temperature of 22±2°C, with relative humidity ranging from 55% to 65%. They were provided with a regular pellet diet and had access.

3. Plant material and Extraction: Recently gathered fresh leaves of Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate from the nearby botanical garden were confirmed by a taxonomist. From the Botany Department, [insert university/institution name]. The leaves were cleaned, air dried, and roughly pulverized. Aqueous extract was obtained through cold maceration for 48hours, then filtered and concentrated. utilizing a rotary evaporator at 40°C. The extract was kept at 4°C until needed.

4. Induction of Renal Calculi: Possible spelling mistake found. was artificially created by administering a 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol (EG) solution in the drinking water. For 28 days, a widely recognized model for the formation of calcium oxalate crystals. This approach fosters hyperoxaluria.

5. Experimental Grouping: Animals were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6 per group):

· Group I (Normal Control): Received standard diet and drinking water.

· Group II (Negative Control): Received 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days to induce nephrolithiasis.

· Group III (Standard Group): Received ethylene glycol and Cyst one (750mg/kg body weight, p.o.) from day 15 to day 28.

· Group IV (Test Group): Received ethylene glycol and Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate aqueous extract (500mg/kg body weight, p.o.) from day 15 to day 28.

6. Biochemical analysis: At the conclusion of the treatment phase, 24hour urine samples were gathered with the use of metabolic cages. Urine was examined for calcium, oxalate, phosphate, magnesium, and creatinine via standard colorimetric techniques. Blood was gathered through the retro-orbital plexus under anesthesia, and serum was isolated for biochemical measurements such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and uric acid levels.

7. Kidney Histopathology: Following the sacrifice, both kidneys were collected, weighed, and visually inspected. One kidney was preserved in 10% neutral. Buffered formalin, treated, and embedded in paraffin. Sections with a thickness of 5μm were stained using Possible spelling mistake found. And rosin (HandE) and examined microscopically for deposition of calcium oxalate crystals, tubular injury, and inflammatory alterations.

8. Statistical Analysis: Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Intergroup comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. A P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism (version 9.0).¹²

RESULTS:

All animals tolerated the study protocol without mortality, and general health status remained stable across groups. The animals in the ethylene glycol (EG)-treated group (Group II) began to show signs of lethargy and reduced activity by the second week, indicating systemic distress secondary to Possible spelling mistake found. No such signs were observed in either the control (Group I), standard treatment (Group III), or test (Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate, Group IV) groups, suggesting a potential protective effect of the interventions. Urinary biochemical analysis after 28 days revealed that Group II exhibited a significant increase in urinary calcium (6.78±0.48mg/dL), oxalate (4.67±0.29 mg/dL), and phosphate (3.56±0.33mg/dL) levels compared to the normal control group, confirming successful induction of pathogenesis. Concurrently, a marked reduction in urinary magnesium (1.10 ± 0.13 mg/dL) was observed in Group II, aligning with the known role of magnesium as an inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystallization. In contrast, animals treated with Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate extract (Group IV) showed significantly lower levels of urinary calcium (3.21±0.31mg/dL), oxalate (1.24±0.19mg/dL), and phosphate (1.76±0.23mg/dL) when compared to Group II (p<0.01). Urinary magnesium levels also improved (1.79±0.20mg/dL), closely matching those seen in the standard Cyst one-treated group (Group III). Serum biochemical parameters further substantiated the neuroprotective effect of Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate. Group II rats displayed a marked elevation in serum creatinine (1.81±0.12mg/dL), blood urea nitrogen (38.5±2.1mg/dL), and uric acid (5.6±0.5 mg/dL), reflecting compromised renal function due to oxalate crystal burden and tubular injury. However, rats in Group IV exhibited significant normalization of these markers: serum creatinine was reduced to 0.77±0.07 mg/dL, BUN to 22.1±1.4mg/dL, and uric acid to 3.3± 0.4 mg/dL (p<0.01), comparable to values observed in the Cyst one group. A comparison of kidney weights, taken as a surrogate marker for inflammation and crystal deposition, revealed that Group II animals had significantly higher kidney-to-body weight ratios (1.08± 0.04g/100g body weight) than controls (0.69±0.03g/100 g). Treatment with Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate led to a noticeable reduction (0.76±0.06g/100g), indicating mitigation of tissue inflammation and congestion. Histopathological examination of renal tissue provided compelling evidence of the protective effect of Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate. Sections from Group II revealed extensive calcium oxalate crystal deposition within tubules, x pronounced tubular epithelial degeneration, inflammatory infiltrates, and focal necrosis. In contrast, Group IV kidneys demonstrated preserved architecture, with minimal tubular dilation, reduced crystal deposition, and only mild inflammatory changes. These observations were comparable to the protective changes noted in the standard treatment group. Statistical comparisons using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test confirmed that the improvements in both urinary and serum biochemical profiles, as well as histological restoration in the test group, were highly significant when compared to the negative control group (p<0.01 across most parameters). Overall, Possible spelling mistake found. pinnate demonstrated a robust Possible spelling mistake found. effect, evidenced by normalization of urinary and systemic markers and preservation of renal histology, comparable to that achieved with Cyst one, a clinically validated chemotherapeutic agent. Throughout the 28-day treatment period, no mortality was recorded. All animals remained active with normal feeding behavior, except for mild lethargy observed in the Negative Control Group (Group II) from day 15 onwards, suggestive of systemic distress due to nephrolithiasis.¹²

Fig no. 3: microscopic image

Table: 2. Serum Biochemical Profile

Parameter	Normal Control	Negative Control	Standard (Cystone)	Test (B. pinnatum)
Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.64 ± 0.09	1.81 ± 0.12**	0.71 ± 0.08††	0.77 ± 0.07††
Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)	18.2 ± 1.6	38.5 ± 2.1**	20.7 ± 1.3††	22.1 ± 1.4††
Serum Uric Acid (mg/dL)	2.8 ± 0.4	5.6 ± 0.5**	3.0 ± 0.3††	3.3 ± 0.4††

Table:3. Kidney Weight and Gross Examination

Group	Kidney Weight (g/100g body weight)
Normal Control (I)	0.69±0.03
Negative Control (II)	1.08±0.04**
Group	Kidney Weight (g/100g body weight)
Standard (Cystone, III)	0.74±0.05††
Test (B. pinnatum, IV)	0.76±0.06††

DISCUSSION:

These results were The current study showed that administering ethylene glycol (EG) to Wistar rats led to significant metabolic disturbances, demonstrated by the marked increase in urinary calcium, oxalate, and phosphate concentrations, together with a significant decrease in urinary magnesium. These results are consistent with those presented by Atmani et al., who noted a comparable increase in lithogenic factors following EG induction, resulting in crystal clustering and persistence in renal. tubular structures¹³. The group administered with Bryophyllum pinnatum aqueous extract exhibited a significant reduction in urinary calcium (3.21±0.31mg/dL) and oxalate (1.24±0.19 mg/dL) in relation to the negative control group (6.78± 0.48mg/dL and 4.67±0.29mg/dL, respectively), validating its potential to inhibit crystal formation. These results are aligned with the findings of Umekawa et al., who showed that plant polyphenols can disrupt calcium nucleation and aggregation of oxalate¹⁴. Regarding magnesium levels, the recovery noted in the Bryophyllum-treated group (1.79±0.20mg/dL) isespecially significant. Magnesium acts as a safeguard by creating soluble complexes with oxalate, thus lowering supersaturation and crystallization. This finding aligns with the research conducted by Park et al., who highlighted the health benefit of raising urinary magnesium to prevent calcium oxalate stones¹⁵. Phosphate levels were normalized after treatment, suggesting a rebalancing of kidney excretion and potential decrease in crystal nucleation sites, as outlined in the study by Kesarwani et al.¹⁶. The biochemical serum profile offers additional proof of the nephroprotective effects of Bryophyllum pinnatum.The administration of ethylene glycol resulted in a notable increase in serum creatinine levels (1.81±0.12mg/dL) and BUN.(38.5±2.1mg/dL) and uric acid (5.6±0.5 mg/dL), suggesting renal dysfunction resulting from crystal-induced nephropathy.This trend reflects the results of Saha et al., who found similar increases after EG-induced kidney damage in rats. It appears that there is no text provided for paraphrasing. Please provide the text that you would like to have paraphrased. Treatment using Bryophyllum pinnatum extract led to a nearly normal level of these indicators (serum creatinine: 0.77± 0.07mg/dL, BUN: 22.1±1.4mg/dL, uric acid: 3.3±0.4 mg/dL), indicating its protective effects on the determined to be similar to the standard group receiving Cystone, a recognized polyherbal. formulation with proven antiurolithiatic effectiveness. Histological observations confirmed the biochemical findings. A significant accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals, accompanied by tubular epithelial degeneration was noted in the kidneys of animals belonging to the negative control group, which is in consistent with previous findings by Al-Mamun et al. and Tiwari et al. ^17,18. Conversely, segments from the Bryophyllum The pinnatum-treated group showed maintained renal structure, slight tubular expansion, and a significant decrease in crystal accumulation. This defensive histological profile underscores the plant's dual function: hindering crystal attachment. and reducing oxidative damage, a process also addressed by Grases et al., who highlighted the significance of antioxidants in minimizing tubular damage in lithiasis ¹⁹. The research additionally assessed the kidney-to-body weight ratio as an indicator of renal congestion and inflammation. Bryophyllum pinnatum extract notably decreased kidney weight. (0.76±0.06g/100g), indicating a reduction in renal inflammation and decreased accumulation of crystals. This influence is probably facilitated by the plant's anti-inflammatory components, including flavonoids and triterpenoids, which possess demonstrated to stabilize kidney membranes and inhibit inflammatory cytokines²⁰.

When comparing these results to other herbal treatments, the impact of Bryophyllum pinnatum seems to be comparable to or better than other extensively researched plants. For example, research involving Tribulus terrestris and Bergenia ligulatashowed mild decreases in urinary oxalate and calcium yet were not as effective in correcting renal histology^18,19

CONCLUSION:

The findings of this in vivo study provide compelling evidence for the antiurolithiatic and nephroprotective properties of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract. Administration of the aqueous extract to ethylene glycol-induced nephrolithiatic rats resulted in a significant reduction in urinary calcium, oxalate, and phosphate excretion, along with restoration of urinary magnesium levels—key parameters involved in calcium oxalate stone formation. Moreover, the extract effectively normalized elevated serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and uric acid levels, indicating preservation of renal function. Histopathological examination further confirmed the extract’s ability to mitigate tubular damage and reduce calcium oxalate crystal deposition within renal tissue. These therapeutic effects were comparable to those observed with Cystone, a well-established polyherbal formulation, thereby validating the efficacy of Bryophyllum pinnatum as a potential alternative or adjunct in the management of renal calculi. While the exact phytoconstituents responsible for the observed effects remain to be elucidated, the study lays a strong scientific foundation for future research aimed at clinical translation, phytochemical characterization, and long-term safety evaluation. In conclusion, Bryophyllum pinnatum holds promise as an effective, affordable, and plant-based therapeutic candidate for the prevention and management of urolithiasis, especially in settings where conventional therapies may be limited or contraindicated.

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Received on 10.12.2025 Revised on 19.01.2026

Accepted on 23.02.2026 Published on 22.04.2026

Available online from April 24, 2026

Res.J. Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics.2026;18(2):165-171.

DOI: 10.52711/2321-5836.2026.00023

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

Parameter	Normal Control (Group I)	Negative Control (Group II)	Standard (Cystone) (Group III)	Test (B. pinnatum) (Group IV)
Urinary Calcium (mg/dL)	2.42 ± 0.32	6.78 ± 0.48**	3.14 ± 0.34††	3.21 ± 0.31††
Urinary Oxalate (mg/dL)	0.89 ± 0.16	4.67 ± 0.29**	1.12 ± 0.17††	1.24 ± 0.19††
Urinary Phosphate (mg/dL)	1.48 ± 0.20	3.56 ± 0.33**	1.71 ± 0.25††	1.76 ± 0.23††
Urinary Magnesium (mg/dL)	1.95 ± 0.18	1.10 ± 0.13**	1.83 ± 0.16††	1.79 ± 0.20††